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| CS CL CO Controlling Garbage And Plastic Wastes At Sea |
| The international maritime community has taken steps to restrict garbage discharged overboard from vessels to curb environmental harm. The fundamental restrictions were laid out by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) in Annex V of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (1973) and its 1978 Protocol, together known as MARPOL 73/ 78. 1.0mb |
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| Controlling Hydrocarbon Emissions From Tank Vessel Loading |
| Several states are considering placing controls on vapor emissions from the loading and ballasting of tankships and barges carrying volatile organic compounds, mainly hydrocarbons. The object is to attain federal standards for ambient air concentrations of ozone under the National Ambient Air Quality Standards administered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 12.8mb |
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| Spills of Nonfloating Oils Risk and Response |
| Maritime accidents that result in oil spills are high on the list of public environmental concerns. These spills are difficult to control and can contaminate the marine environment. When oil is spilled on the sea, it undergoes physical, chemical, and biological changes as it weathers and is degraded by bacteria. Most oil spill cleanup technologies, which have been developed for floating oils and the ensuing emulsions, are not very effective. For most spills, only about 10 to15 percent of the oil is recovered, and the best recovery rates are probably about 30 percent. 1.5mb |
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